PECE English Final Model Test Question

Verbs

Cadet College Admission Test 2018

Preparation

Verb: “A verb is a word that denotes ‘being’, ‘having’ or ‘doing’ an action in any form.”-P.C. Das.

Verb is of two kinds mainly:

They are -1. Finite Verb and 2. Non-finnite verb

1.Finite Verb:  The verb that finishes an action and the verb that changes its form for the changing of number and person of the subject is called finite verb.

Example: He plays cricket.

2. Non-finite Verb:  The verb that cannot finish an action and the verb that does not change its form for the changing of number and person of the subject is called finite verb.

Example: He wants to go home.

1.Factitive Verb:

The transitive verb that can’t express a complete meaning without having an extra object: We elected him chairman.

2. Copulative Verb: the verb that can’t express a complete meaning without an extra word. Example: He looks happy.

3. Quasi Passive verb: The verb that is used in quasi passive. Example: Rice sells cheap. 

4. Causative Verb: The verb that direct other person to perform an action. Examples: See-Show, Know- Inform, Remember- Remind, Eat- Feed, Rise- Raise, Lie- Lay, Learn- Teach, Sit- Set, (*The verb that does not have self causative expression, it takes ‘have’, ‘make’, ‘get’ etc to express causative meaning. Examples: I got the letter written. He made me do the work.

5. Perception Verb: The verb that denotes Five- Senses is called perception verb. Examples: see, hear, taste, eel, smell, recognize, observe etc.

6. Inchoative Verb:  The verb that denotes the turning point of a thing. Examples: the milk has turned sour. The telephone has gone dead.

7. Progressive Verb: The verb that is used as the continuous mode. Examples: I am doing the work.

8. Impersonal Verb: The verb that takes ‘ It’/ ‘There’ as the subject. Example: It looks beautiful.

9. Reciprocal Verb: The verb that takes reciprocal pronoun as the object. Example: Rina and Mina love each other.

10. Linking Verb: The verb that makes a link between the Subject and the Object and takes Noun or Adjective as the object. Examples: Mr. Rahim is a doctor(noun). He is good(Adjective). He works hard(Adjective).

11. Finite Verb:  The verb that completes the description of a sentence. Example: I eat rice.

12. Non Finite Verb:  The verb that can’t complete the description of a sentence. Example: He wants to go home. ( to go, to taste, to sing, to play etc.-Infinitives).

13. Transitive Verb: The verb that takes an object. Example: I eat rice.

14. Intransitive Verb: The verb that doesn’t take an object. He goes to school.

15. Modal Auxiliary: The Auxiliary verb that doesn’t change for tenses, number or person of the subjects. Examples: He can do .             

the work. I can do the work.  

16. Primary Auxiliary: The verb that doesn’t have its own meaning and helps other verbs to make sentence, tense, voice, mood etc. ‘To be’-am, is, are, was, were, been, being. ‘To have’-has, have, had, having. ‘To do’- do, did, does.

17. Principal Verb: The verb that has its own meaning and the verb that can express a complete sense without getting help of any other verb.

18. Non-Conclusive Verb: The verb that expresses liking, disliking, feeling etc. Example: I like playing cricket. Don’t hate the poor.

19. State Verb: The verb that is used in non- progressive verb. It does not start or end a discussion. He forgets everything.

20. Event/ Action Verb: The verb that starts or ends a discussion. Example: He eats rice.

21. Strong Verb/ Irregular Verb: The verb that exchanges its internal vowel/ vowels and takes n, en, ne at the end of it to turn into ‘Past Participle’ form. Examples: arise- arose- arisen.

22.Weak Verb/ Regular Verb: The verb that generally takes d, t, and  ed to turn into Past form and Past Participle form. Example: Agree-agreed-agreed.

23. Reflexive Verb: The verb that has a reflexive object is called a reflexive verb. Example: Rahim fans himself.

24. Group Verb / Prepositional verb: The verb that takes a preposition with it and is used as a group is called a group/ prepositional verb.

Example: He looks after his family.

25.Reciprocal Verb:The verbs of reciprocal pronouns (Each other, one another) is called Reciprocal Verb.

Example: They love each other.

Objects

1.   Indirect Object: Indicates an object that has life. Example: The cow gives us milk. Indirect object is also called Dative case.

2.   Direct Object: Indicates an object of thing/things. Example: He gave me a book.

Indirect object is also called Acusative case.

* Look at the examples: He sent me a letter. He sent a letter to me.

He bought me a shirt. He bought a shirt for me.

(Note: If indirect object places at the end of a sentence, then it takes ‘for’ or ‘to’.)

3.   Direct Object and Indirect Object are also called Double Object.

4.   Retained Object:

The object that doesn’t exchange place even in a passive mode is a retained object.

Example: He teaches us English. English is taught us by him. / We are taught English by him.

5.   Cognate object: When a verb receives an object of the similar meaning of it, then it is called Retained object. Examples: He sings a song. He ran a race.  I dreamt a good dream. They fight a good fight. Etc.

6.   Factitive object: When a Transitive verb cannot express a full meaning even after having an object itself then it takes an extra object. The extra object is called a factitive object.

Examples: He called me a fool. We made him captain. We elect him chairman. The company appointed him manager. I think him friend. He names me Rana.

7.   Reflexive Object: If a pronoun is used as an object, it is called reflexive Example: He killed himself. The fanned themselves.

8.   Adverbial object: The object that indicates an adverb is called adverbial object.

Example: I go home.

9.   Complementary object: The object of ‘ To Be’ is  called a complementary object.

I know him to be a coward.

10.        Dative of interest: If an object places just before a verb to express an interest of the speaker, it is called dative of interest. Example: Buy me a shirt.

11.        Dative of Disinterest: If an object places just before a verb and expresses disinterest of the speaker, it is called dative of disinterest. Example: He ordered me to go.

Contractions/ Question Tag/ Tag question

Cadet College Admission Test 2019

Preparation

Contractions/ Question Tag/ Tag question

‘Tag’ means ‘to add’.                                                                                                                                                                                             

 The question that is added at the end of a conversation to assess approval is called ‘Tag Question’.

Some Contractions am not = aren’t, is not = isn’t, are not = aren’t, was not = wasn’t, were not = weren’t, will not = won’t, shall not = shan’t, can not = can’t, could not = couldn’t, may not = mayn’t, might not = mightn’t,  must not = mustn’t, has not = hasn’t, have not = haven’t, had not = hadn’t, do not = don’t, doesn’t, did not = didn’t, ought not = oughtn’t, dare not = daren’t,  need not = needn’t.

ASSERTIVE SENTENCE

Rule-1.Tag Question with auxiliary verbs.

Examples: He is a student, isn’t he?  I am a student, aren’t I? They are going to the railway station, aren’t they?

Rule-2.Tag Question without auxiliary verbs.( don’t , didn’t, doesn’t are used to make Tag Question).

Examples: He reads the daily newspaper, doesn’t he?  He caught a butterfly, didn’t he?  We drink tea, don’t we?

Rule 3. Positive Tag question for negative statement.

Examples: Rina doesn’t make a fun, does he?  Nishita will not realize the matter, will she?

IMPERATIVE SENTENCE:

Rule-1. Positive Command, order or instruction take-won’t you?/will you?/can’t you?/could you?/

Examples: Open the window, won’t you?   Do the work at once, will you?  Speak the truth, can’t you?

Rule-2. Imperative with ‘Don’t’ at the starting takes only ‘will you?’.

Examples: Don’t tell a lie, will you? Do not go out, will you?

Rule-3. Imperative Sentence with Let’s/ let us takes only ‘shall we’?

Examples: Let’s do the work, shall we?  Let’s not do the work, shall we?

Rule- 5: Let him, Let her, Let them, let Rina etc. take ‘will you?’

Examples:Let them play well, will you? Let him discuss the matter, will you?

EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE

Rule-1. Exclamatory Sentence with ‘Be verb’ changes into proper contraction.

Examples: how nice the flower is, isn’t it?  What a fantastic game it was?

Rule-2: Exclamatory Sentence without ‘Be Verb’ changes into proper contractions of  ‘Don’t, Doesn’t, Didn’t.

Examples: How sweetly the bird sings, doesn’t it?  How nicely the bird sang, didn’t it?

SOME EXCEPTIONAL QUESTION-TAG

Rule- 1: If the subject is ‘Nothing /Anything/Something/Everything,’ the subject in the ‘Question Tag’ will be ‘It’. Examples: Nothing is certain, is it? Everything was lost, wasn’t it? Something is better than nothing, is it?

Rule-2:  If the subject is ‘Everybody/Anybody/ Somebody/ Everyone/ Someone/ Anyone/ Nobody/ None’, the subject in the ‘Question Tag’ will be ‘They’.

Examples: Everybody likes flowers, don’t they? Somebody came here, didn’t they? Anybody can do this, can’t they?    Everyone has left the place, haven’t they? Someone will go there, won’t they? Anybody may do the sum, mayn’t they? Nobody phoned, did they? None can help me, can they?

Rule-3: If subject is ‘all of us/ some of us/ everyone of us/ most of us’, the subject will be ‘We’.

Examples: All of us came to the party, didn’t we? None of us can solve such kind of sum, can we?

Rule -4:  If the subject is ‘all of them,/some of them/everyone of them/most of them’, the subject will be ‘they’.

Examples: all of them are active, aren’t they? Most of them were active, weren’t they?

Rule-5: if the subject is ‘ all of you/ some of you / none of you/  most of you/ everyone of you’, the subject will be ‘you’.

Examples: Some of you did well, didn’t you?  All of you can sing better, can’t you?

Rule-6:

Examples: I’d go there soon, wouldn’t I?  They’d gone to the party, hadn’t they?

EXCEPTIONAL

BETWEEN

British Style and American style

Rule-1:She had a pen, hadn’t she? (British Style) She had a pen, didn’t she? (American Style)

(Both are correct rules. But you should follow American Style.)

ADVICES

1.        To improve your skills in ‘Tag Question’, practise more and more.

2.        If you couldn’t understand any rule clearly, take help from your teacher.

Rules of Passage Narration

Rules of Passage Narration

1. প্রথমত, পুরো Passage টি পড়ে কে Speaker এবং কেAudience তা চিহ্নিত করতে হবে। তারপর তাদের উক্তিগুলোর Mood বা ক্রিয়ার ধরন চিহ্নিত করতে হবে।

2. Direct Speech এর ক্ষেত্রে Reporting Verb টি বাক্যের মাঝে বাশেষে থাকলে  Indirect করার ক্ষেত্রে অবশ্যই Direct Speech  কে Sentence এর শুরুতে আনতে হবে।

Dir: “You look a little bit like my mother,” Hassan said to the lady, “Especially in the dark by the fire.”

Indir: Hassan told to the lady that she looked a little bit like his mother especially in the dark by the fire.

3. বক্তা যদি পুরো Passage এ একাধিক উক্তি ব্যবহার করে থাকেনতাহলে প্রথম উক্তির পরে পরবর্তী উক্তি গুলোর ক্ষেত্রে হবে-

a. Assertive Sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে: added/further added/also said ইত্যাদি ব্যবহার করতে হবে।

b.  Interrogative Sentenceএর ক্ষেত্রে: again asked/further asked/also asked ইত্যাদি ব্যবহার করতে হবে।

c. Imperative Sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে: and Requested /and ordered to ব্যবহার করতে হবে।

d. Optative Sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে:  and prayed/and wished that ব্যবহার করতে হবে।

e. Exclamatory Sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে:  and exclaimed in joy that/ in grief that ব্যবহার করতে হবে।

4. Direct Speech এ Reported Speech এ যদি Yes উল্লেখ থাকেতাহলে Indirect Speech করার সময় যথাক্রমে Replied in the Affirmative that/ answered in the positive that ব্যবহার করতেহবে এবং No এর ক্ষেত্রে Replied in the negative that ব্যবহারকরতে হয়।

Dir: Sumon said to Razu, “Are you going to your native village tomorrow?”  No, I have changed my decision,” said Razu.

Indir: Sumon asked Razu if he was going to his native village the next day. Razu replied in negative that he had changed his decision.

5.  Direct Speech এ sir থাকলে indirect Speech এ Sir এরপরিবর্তে Respectfully বা Addressing as sir ব্যবহার করতে হয়।

Dir: “Yes, sir” he replied, “I have completed my homework.”

Indir: He replied respectfully in the affirmative that he had completed my homework.    Or

Addressing as sir he replied in the affirmative that he had completed my homework.

6. Direct Speech এ যদি কাউকে Address বা সম্বোধন করা হয়তাহলে Addressing as দিয়ে Indirect Speech শুরু করতে হয়।

Dir: “Are you tired, friends?” said the clever boy.

Indir: Addressing them as friends he (the boy) asked them if they were tired.

7. Direct Speech এ যদি by Allah, by God, by goddess, by my life ইত্যাদি উল্লেখ থাকলে Indirect Speech এ swearing by Allah, by God, by goddess, by my life ব্যবহার করতে হয়।

Dir: “By Allah, he replied, I will not help you.”

Indir: Swearing by Allah, he replied that he would not help me.

8. Inverted Comma (“”) এর বাহিরে কোন Phraseথাকলে তা কোন পরিবর্তন না হয়েই Sentence এর শুরুতে বসবে।এক্ষেত্রে যদি Present Participle অংশ থাকে তাহলে তা শুরুতেবসবে।

Dir: “Are you students?” Asked the principal of this college, turning to the dervishes.

Indir: Turning to the dervishes, the principal of this college asked if they were students.

9. Direct Speech এ যদি Affirmative Sentence হওয়া স্বত্ত্বে ওকোন Sentence এর শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন (?) থাকে তাহলে বুঝতেহবে উক্ত চিহ্ন দ্বারা অবাক বা বিস্ময় প্রকাশ করা হয়েছে তাইIndirect Speech এর ক্ষেত্রে Reporting verb এর পূর্বে Being Surprisedলিখতে হবে এবং Reporting verb টিকে ask/asked দ্বারাপরিবর্তন করতে হবে।

Dir: My father said to me, “You have remembered how he looked all these years?”

Indir: Being surprised he (my father) asked me if I had remembered how he had looked all those years.

10. Direct Speech এ যদি Subject উল্লেখ না থাকে তাহলে Indirect Speech এ বক্তার ক্ষেত্রে the speaker এবং শ্রোতার ক্ষেত্রে the listener ব্যবহার করতে হয়।

Dir: “Did you help the boy?” Yes, I helped him last night.

Indir: The speaker asked the person if he had helped the boy. The listener replied in affirmative and said that he had helped him the previous night.

Narration

without – object	second person = first person or third person
RV: subject (1st person) + verb + (no object)	second person = third person

Examples:

Direct Narration	Indirect Narration
1. He said, “You are an idiot, Suresh.” = He said to Suresh, “You are an idiot.”	He told Suresh that he (Suresh) was an idiot.
2. He said, “You are telling a lie, Leela.” = He said to Leela, “You are telling a lie.”	He told Leela that she (Leela) was telling a lie.
3. He said, “Where are you going, mother?” = He said to mother, “Where are you going?”	He asked mother where she was going.
4. He said, “Don’t make a noise.” = He said to me/him/her, “Don’t make a noise.”	He asked me/him/her not to make a noise.
5. He said, “Bring a chair.” He said to me/him/her, “Bring a chair.”	He ordered me/him/her to bring a chair.
6. He said, “How are you?” He said to me/him/her, “How are you?”	He asked me/him/her how I/he/she was.
7. He said, “Open the gate.” He said to me/him/her/us/them, “Open the gate.”	He told me/him/her/us/them to open the gate.
1. He said, “Congratulations!”	He congratulated me.
2. She said, “Liar!”	She called me a liar.

In accordance with: W S Allen (Living English Structure)

1. He said, “Bring me a book.”	He asked her (him/us etc.) to bring him a book.
2. He said, “Don’t do it.”	He asked me (her/us etc.) not to do it.
3. He said, “Hello! Where are you going?”	He greeted me and asked (me) where I was going.

In accordance with: A J Thompson A Practical English Grammar

1 . He said, “What have you got in your bag?”	He asked me what I had got in my bag.
2. He said, “Why didn’t you put on the brake?”	He asked her why she hadn’t put on the brake.
3. He said, “What do you want?”	He asked them what they wanted.
4. He said, “Would you like a drink?”	He asked me if I would like a drink.
5. “Shut the door, will you?”	He shouted. He told us to shut the door.
6. “Will you stop talking?”	He said. He told them to stop talking.
7. He said, “When you go out lock both doors.”	He told me to lock both doors when I went out.
8. He said, ‘Thank you.”	He thanked me.
9. He said, “Good morning!”	He wished me a good morning.
10. He said, “Happy Christmas!”	He wished me a happy Christmas.
11. He said, “Congratulations!”	He congratulated me.
12. He said, “Liar!”	He called me a liar.