Parts of Speech

Parts of Speech in English [English Grammar Lessons]

A part of speech is a category of words which have similar grammatical properties. Words that are assigned to the same part of speech generally display similarly—they play similar roles within the grammatical structure of sentences. Commonly listed English parts of speech are noun, verb, adjective, adverb, pronoun, preposition, conjunction, interjection (08 parts of speech).

Many English words can belong to more than one part of speech. Words like neigh, break, outlaw, laser, microwave, and telephone might all be either verbs or nouns.

This is a summary of the eight parts of speech.

Parts of Speech Table

Parts of speech	Functions	Example words	Example sentences
Noun	a word or lexical item denoting any abstract or concrete entity	a person (police officer, Michael), place (coastline, London), thing  (necktie, television), idea (happiness), or quality (bravery)	The cat sat on the mat.
Verb	a word denoting an action (walk), occurrence (happen), or state of being (be)	an action (walk), occurrence (happen), or state of being (be)	That idea is interesting Tell me something interesting.
Adjective	a modifier of a noun or pronoun	big, brave	That’s an interesting idea
Adverb	a modifier of an adjective, verb, or other adverb	very, quite	Frankly, I don’t believe you
Pronoun	a substitute for a noun or noun phrase	them, he	That reminds me of something.
Preposition	a word that relates a noun to another word or phrase in the sentence and aids in syntactic context	in, of	The cat is in the box
Conjunction	a syntactic connector; links words, phrases, or clauses	and, but	He is not only handsome, but alsobrilliant.
Interjection	an emotional greeting or exclamation	Hurrah, Alas, well	Well, that’s great

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Junior School Certificate 2016 Preparation

Junior School Certificate 2016 Preparation

Cadet College Admission Test 2017 Preparation

'Word'

There are 6 kinds of words according to the meaning and usages.

Thgey are:

a. Synonyms  b. Antonyms c. Paronyms d. Homonyms e. Homophones f. Acronyms

a. Synonyms: The words which bear the nearest meaning or similar meaning of any word are known as the synonyms of the word.

Example: Battle – fight, war etc.
Battle (between large organized armies): Three important battles were fought at Panipath.

Fight (between persons or parties but without the aid of armies): The Muslims and the Hindus often fight for some reasons.

War (between nations with the aid of large armies): A third world war will destroy everything.

Crime, vice and sin

Crime (offence against law or state): Theft is a crime.

Vice (offence against moral law): Drinking is a vice.

Sin (offence against religion): Telling lies is a great sin.

Drown and sink  

Drown (for living object): The body was drowned in the river.

Sink (for both living and lifeless object): The ship sank into the ocean.

Vacant and empty

Vacant (not filled or occupied): The house is vacant.

Empty (not containing anything): The pitcher is empty.

b. Antonyms: The words which bear the opposite meaning of any word are known as antonyms of the word.

Example:  possible – impossible, decent – indecent

c. Paronyms: In English, there are some words that are begotten from the same word but their meanings are different in the uses. These types of words are called paronyms.

Example:  Artistic (beautiful): The poem is artistic.

Artful (clever): He succeeded by artful means.

Artificial (not natural): Modern life is getting artificial.

Childish (is used in bad sense; means ‘silly’): You are now fairly grown up but your habits are childish.

Childlike (is used in positive sense; means ‘simple’ and ‘innocent’): Her childlike simplicity pleased everybody.

d. Homonyms: In English language, there are many words whose spellings are the same but they create different meanings according to the uses/patterns of the words and the sentences and these types of words are known as homonyms.

Example: Bar

He works in this bar (royal court).

I have crossed the bar (barrier).

The window bars (clincher/bolt) were broken.

The criminals were put behind the bar (jail).

                   Fair

We will go to International Trade Fair (innumerable)

He writes a fair (nice) hand.

She looks fair (lovely).

It is not a fair (rightful) business.

He divided the food fairly (equally).

e. Homophones: In English language, there are many words whose spellings and meanings are totally different from one another but they create the same pronunciation. These types of words are called homophones.

Example:  Accept (take): He accepted with thanks and some humble presents from me.

Except (excluding): None could complete except him.

Check: I have checked all the accounts.

Cheque: He was paid by cheque.

f. Acronyms: Some initial letter abbreviations are pronounced like the words. These are often called acronyms. Generally, articles are usually dropped in acronyms.

Exam: UNESCO

The United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

WHO

World Health Organization

JSC English Second Paper Model Test

Junior School Certificate (JSC) 2016

English Second Paper

Model Test

Grammar: 30 Marks

1.  Fill in the gaps of the following text with appropriate articles. Put a cross for zero article.                                                             0.5×6=03

(a)___ great ship Titanic, sailed for New Work from Southampton on April 1912. At that time she was (b)___ largest ship. The tragic sinking of this great (c)___ liner will always be remembered for she went down on her first voyage. Four days after sailing out, while it was sailing across the icy (d)___ waters of (e)___ North Atlantic, (f)___ huge ice berg was suddenly spotted by the look out.

2.  Fill in the blanks of the following text with prepositions.   0.5×6=03

of

for

in

to

In the long run a sinner atones (a)___ his sin because he knows that everyone will have to account (b)___ God (c)___ his/her deeds. So when a sinner becomes really repentant, he/she is seen devoted (d)___ God. Sometimes he/she is seen absorbed (e)___ deep meditation. He seeks blessing (f)___ the Almighty.

3. Make four sentences from the substitution table            1×4=04

There	loved	nine years old.
She	was	him dearly.
He	lived	a son.
	had	A widow in a certain village of Bustam.

4. Change the following passage into indirect speeches.            04

Once I asked a sweet little girl, “What is your mother’s name?” She replied cleverly, “I know my mother’s name but I won’t tell you that.” I said, “What a clever girl you are!” “I don’t tell my mother’s name to anybody whom I don’t know,” she spoke with an air of confidence.

5. Change the following sentences as directed in the brackets. 1×5=5

a) Gold is the most precious metal. (Positive) b) It is brought by the wealthy persons. (Active) c) Every woman likes it. (Negative) d) The price of gold is increasing day by day. (Interrogative) e) Who does not like gold? (Affirmative).

6. Rewrite the following passage using capitalization and punctuation.                                                                       0.5×6=03

how much do you want said the mayor a thousand guilders said the pied piper all right said the mayor well pay you a thousand guilders when will you set to work now replied the pied piper

7. Fill in the gaps used in the following text by adding suffix, prefix or both with the root words underlined in the text.              0.5×8=04

The true aim of education is the harmonious (a) develop of body, mind and soul. But (b) book knowledge is (c) sufficient in this regard. Without (d) curricular activities the full blooming of body, mind and soul is (e) possible. Co-curricular activities indicate debate, publication of magazine, (f) culture activities and so on. Co-curricular activities are part and parcel for the full (g) flourish of the talents of the students. They also teach students (h) modest, diligence, politeness etc.

8. Complete the following text with suitable verbs in the box with their right form. 0.5×8=04

send

bring

conquer

be

think

link

made

live

We (a) ___ in an age of science. We can see the wonders of science around us. Science (b) ___ our life easy and comfortable. We (c) ___ not of our modern life without science. Science (d) ___ up the distant parts of the world. Telephone, telex, fax, wireless, telegram (e) ___ great wonders. They (f) ___  the world closer to us. We can (g) ___      news from one corner of the world to other with a moment. They (h) ___ space.

                                                                         JSC 2016

                                           English Second Paper

                                           Preparatory Model Test

                                                                       Grammar:30

1. Fill in the gaps of the following text with appropriate  articles. Put a cross (x) for zero  article:                          0.5×6=3

“The universe is a very (a) __ vast thing. But primitive people had (b) — very narrow idea about (c) — size and nature of universe. They thought that (d) — earth was flat and stationary. They believed that the earth was at (e) — centre of the universe while the sun, the moon and (f) — planets moved round the earth”

.

2. Fill in the blanks of the following text with prepositions given in the box below:                                                      0.5×6=3

To , of,  from,  in,  by,  up,  out, on,

”Honesty is a great virtue and the result (a) — honesty is beyond description. It results (b) —peace. On the other hand, misery results (c) — vice. An honest man is true (d) — his word. He never deviates (e) — the path of honesty. We can have successful life (f) — being honest”.

3. Make four sentences from the substitution table:                                                                                   4

Our nation		The National Martyrs Day and International Mother Language Day.
The 21st February	Is	Some glorious and memorable days.
The 26th March	has	The independence day.
The 16thDecember		Our victory Day.

4.Change the following passage into indirect speech:                                                                                                           1×4=4

” ‘I came to Dhaka this morning. I sent you a telegram before starting from home,’ he said. ‘Did you receive it in time?’ he asked. ‘No,’ I replied”.

5. Change the following sentences as directed in the brackets:                                                                                     1×5= 5

“(a) Computer is the most wonderful inventionof modern science (Comparative). (b) It can store a very great number of information

(Exclamatory). (c) It renders a great service to mankind (Interrogative). (d) Now-a-days computer is being used in almost every sphere of life by the people (Active). (e) It has not only blessings but also some dark sides (Affirmative)”.

6.Rewrite the following passage using capitalization and punctuation:                                                                                       3

“you look a little bit like my mother he said but you were only four jerry when you came here do you remember her face all those years my mother lives in Manville.”

7. Fill in the gaps used in the following text by adding suffix, prefix or both with the root words underlined in the text:                                                                                                                       0.5×8=4

The most (a) significance event for Bangladesh in the last century has been its birth as an (b) dependent nation. Prior to that, it experienced (c) Britain colonial rule until 1947, followed by an oppressive (d) exist as East Pakistan from 1947 to 1971. Poverty has been an ever- present apparition there. As a result, nearly seventy percent of the population suffers from various degrees of (e) nutrition. On the other hand, turbulent politics and (f) stability, and the rise of (g) terror and crime are (h) adverse off acting society”.

8. Complete the following text with suitable verbs in the box with their right form:                                                       0.5×8=4

Sacrifice, follow,  provide,  can,  know,  feel,  have,  work,

Love for one’s country (a) __ as patriotism. Every man (b) __ great love for his country. Many of our freedom fighters (c) __ their lives in 1971 for the sake of our country. At present there are some people who (d) __ relentlessly for the welfare of the country because they love our country. We should (e) __ their footprints. A prosperous, well governed and welfare state (f) __ her people with all the amenities. People living in the country (g) __ enjoy social, political and state rights and privileges. So, they (h) __ the true and real love for the country”.

লক্ষ্য করোঃ

জ়ে. এস. সি. পরীক্ষায় ভালো করে বৃত্তি পাওয়ার জন্য অন্যতম একটি কাজ হলো; পাঠ্যবইগুলো ভালোভাবে পড়া।