Rules of Passage Narration
1. প্রথমত, পুরো Passage টি পড়ে কে Speaker এবং কেAudience তা চিহ্নিত করতে হবে। তারপর তাদের উক্তিগুলোর Mood বা ক্রিয়ার ধরন চিহ্নিত করতে হবে।
2. Direct Speech এর ক্ষেত্রে Reporting Verb টি বাক্যের মাঝে বাশেষে থাকলে Indirect করার ক্ষেত্রে অবশ্যই Direct Speech কে Sentence এর শুরুতে আনতে হবে।
Dir: “You look a little bit like my mother,” Hassan said to the lady, “Especially in the dark by the fire.”
Indir: Hassan told to the lady that she looked a little bit like his mother especially in the dark by the fire.
3. বক্তা যদি পুরো Passage এ একাধিক উক্তি ব্যবহার করে থাকেনতাহলে প্রথম উক্তির পরে পরবর্তী উক্তি গুলোর ক্ষেত্রে হবে-
a. Assertive Sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে: added/further added/also said ইত্যাদি ব্যবহার করতে হবে।
b. Interrogative Sentenceএর ক্ষেত্রে: again asked/further asked/also asked ইত্যাদি ব্যবহার করতে হবে।
c. Imperative Sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে: and Requested /and ordered to ব্যবহার করতে হবে।
d. Optative Sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে: and prayed/and wished that ব্যবহার করতে হবে।
e. Exclamatory Sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে: and exclaimed in joy that/ in grief that ব্যবহার করতে হবে।
4. Direct Speech এ Reported Speech এ যদি Yes উল্লেখ থাকেতাহলে Indirect Speech করার সময় যথাক্রমে Replied in the Affirmative that/ answered in the positive that ব্যবহার করতেহবে এবং No এর ক্ষেত্রে Replied in the negative that ব্যবহারকরতে হয়।
Dir: Sumon said to Razu, “Are you going to your native village tomorrow?” No, I have changed my decision,” said Razu.
Indir: Sumon asked Razu if he was going to his native village the next day. Razu replied in negative that he had changed his decision.
5. Direct Speech এ sir থাকলে indirect Speech এ Sir এরপরিবর্তে Respectfully বা Addressing as sir ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
Dir: “Yes, sir” he replied, “I have completed my homework.”
Indir: He replied respectfully in the affirmative that he had completed my homework. Or
Addressing as sir he replied in the affirmative that he had completed my homework.
6. Direct Speech এ যদি কাউকে Address বা সম্বোধন করা হয়তাহলে Addressing as দিয়ে Indirect Speech শুরু করতে হয়।
Dir: “Are you tired, friends?” said the clever boy.
Indir: Addressing them as friends he (the boy) asked them if they were tired.
7. Direct Speech এ যদি by Allah, by God, by goddess, by my life ইত্যাদি উল্লেখ থাকলে Indirect Speech এ swearing by Allah, by God, by goddess, by my life ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
Dir: “By Allah, he replied, I will not help you.”
Indir: Swearing by Allah, he replied that he would not help me.
8. Inverted Comma (“”) এর বাহিরে কোন Phraseথাকলে তা কোন পরিবর্তন না হয়েই Sentence এর শুরুতে বসবে।এক্ষেত্রে যদি Present Participle অংশ থাকে তাহলে তা শুরুতেবসবে।
Dir: “Are you students?” Asked the principal of this college, turning to the dervishes.
Indir: Turning to the dervishes, the principal of this college asked if they were students.
9. Direct Speech এ যদি Affirmative Sentence হওয়া স্বত্ত্বে ওকোন Sentence এর শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন (?) থাকে তাহলে বুঝতেহবে উক্ত চিহ্ন দ্বারা অবাক বা বিস্ময় প্রকাশ করা হয়েছে তাইIndirect Speech এর ক্ষেত্রে Reporting verb এর পূর্বে Being Surprisedলিখতে হবে এবং Reporting verb টিকে ask/asked দ্বারাপরিবর্তন করতে হবে।
Dir: My father said to me, “You have remembered how he looked all these years?”
Indir: Being surprised he (my father) asked me if I had remembered how he had looked all those years.
10. Direct Speech এ যদি Subject উল্লেখ না থাকে তাহলে Indirect Speech এ বক্তার ক্ষেত্রে the speaker এবং শ্রোতার ক্ষেত্রে the listener ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
Dir: “Did you help the boy?” Yes, I helped him last night.
Indir: The speaker asked the person if he had helped the boy. The listener replied in affirmative and said that he had helped him the previous night.
Narration
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without – object
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second person = first person or third person
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RV: subject (1st person) + verb + (no object)
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second person = third person
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Examples:
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Direct Narration
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Indirect Narration
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1. He said, “You are an idiot, Suresh.”
= He said to Suresh, “You are an idiot.”
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He told Suresh that he (Suresh) was an idiot.
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2. He said, “You are telling a lie, Leela.”
= He said to Leela, “You are telling a lie.”
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He told Leela that she (Leela) was telling a lie.
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3. He said, “Where are you going, mother?”
= He said to mother, “Where are you going?”
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He asked mother where she was going.
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4. He said, “Don’t make a noise.”
= He said to me/him/her, “Don’t make a noise.”
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He asked me/him/her not to make a noise.
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5. He said, “Bring a chair.”
He said to me/him/her, “Bring a chair.”
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He ordered me/him/her to bring a chair.
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6. He said, “How are you?”
He said to me/him/her, “How are you?”
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He asked me/him/her how I/he/she was.
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7. He said, “Open the gate.”
He said to me/him/her/us/them, “Open the gate.”
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He told me/him/her/us/them to open the gate.
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1. He said, “Congratulations!”
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He congratulated me.
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2. She said, “Liar!”
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She called me a liar.
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In accordance with: W S Allen (Living English Structure)
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1. He said, “Bring me a book.”
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He asked her (him/us etc.) to bring him a book.
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2. He said, “Don’t do it.”
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He asked me (her/us etc.) not to do it.
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3. He said, “Hello! Where are you going?”
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He greeted me and asked (me) where I was going.
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In accordance with: A J Thompson A Practical English Grammar
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1 . He said, “What have you got in your bag?”
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He asked me what I had got in my bag.
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2. He said, “Why didn’t you put on the brake?”
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He asked her why she hadn’t put on the brake.
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3. He said, “What do you want?”
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He asked them what they wanted.
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4. He said, “Would you like a drink?”
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He asked me if I would like a drink.
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5. “Shut the door, will you?”
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He shouted. He told us to shut the door.
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6. “Will you stop talking?”
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He said. He told them to stop talking.
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7. He said, “When you go out lock both doors.”
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He told me to lock both doors when I went out.
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8. He said, ‘Thank you.”
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He thanked me.
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9. He said, “Good morning!”
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He wished me a good morning.
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10. He said, “Happy Christmas!”
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He wished me a happy Christmas.
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11. He said, “Congratulations!”
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He congratulated me.
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12. He said, “Liar!”
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He called me a liar.
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