Narration Rules for the Students’ of English Version/ English Medium.

Narration Rules for the Students’ of English Version/ English Medium.

Remember: Narration is of two kinds. They are:

(a) Direct Narration or Direct speech

(h) Indirect Narration or Indirect Speech

General Rules

[i]

Assertive Sentence or Statement

1.If the reporting verb is in the present or future tense, the tense in the

reported speech is not changed.

Direct : Nabil says, "I am fine."

Indirect : Nabil says that he is fine.

Direct : The man says, "I shall do it."

Indirect : The man says that he will do it.

Direct : He says, "I went there yesterday."

Indirect I : He says that he went there yesterday.

Direct : He will say, "I am ready to go."

Indirect : He says that he is ready to go.

2. If the reporting verb is in the past tense, the verb in the reported

speech is changed into the corresponding past form.

Nadin said, "I am fine.'

Nadin said that he was fine.

He said, "I want to go."

He said that he wanted to go.

He said, "I am reading a book."

He said that he was reading a book.

He said, "I have learnt my1esson."

He said that he had learnt his lesson.

He said, "I have been learning English.”

He said that he had been teaming English. .

He said, "I had reached the school before the bell rang"

He said that he had reached the school before the bell rang.

He said, "I can do the work.

He said that he could do the work.

He said, ."I shall do it." .

He said that he would do it.

He said, "I shall have done it."

He said‘ that he would have done it.

3. If the reporting verb is in the past tense, and the verb of the reported

speech is in the past indefinite tense, it (the verb in the reported

speech) is changed into the past perfect tense.

Direct : Urmi said, “I went to school.

Indirect : Urmi said that she had gone to school.

Direct : He said, "I wrote the book."

Indirect ' : He said that he had written the book.

Direct : ‘Kabir said to me, "I was sick."

Indirect : Kabir told me (said to me) that he had been sick.

4.If the reporting verb is in the past tense, and the verb in the reported

speech is in the past continuous, it (the verb in the reported speech) is

' changed into the past perfect continuous tense.

Direct :_ He said, "I was reading a book."

Indirect : He said that he had been reading a book.

Direct : Shimu said to me, "I was making a research to. solve the

problem."

Indirect : Shimu told me (said to-me) that she had been making a research to

solve the problem.

-Note: The use of the conjunction that between the reporting speech and the

reported speech is not a must in the indirect speech.

5. If the Direct Speech describes a universal truth, constant fact, habitual

fact, geographical fact and quotations, the verb in the reported speech

remains unchanged:

Direct : The teacher said, "The earth moves round the sun."

Indirect : The teacher said that the earth moves round the sun.

Direct : He said, "My father reads the Holy Quran every morning."

Indirect : He said that his father reads the Holy Quran every morning.

Direct : Keats said, "A thing of beauty is a joy forever."

Indirect :Keats I said that a thing of beauty is a joy forever.

6.The First Person of the direct speech is changed into the person the man spoken to and the third person does not have any change: '

Direct : Rahman said to Mamun, "Your father will go to my office"

Indirect : Rahman told Mamun that his father would go to his office.

Direct : Salam says to you, "You did not help me."

Indirect : Salarn tells you that you did not help him.

Direct : They said to us, "He will meet you."

Indirect : They told us that he would meet us.

Note: If the Reporting Verb has an object, it is not good English to write, said

to him before that, It is better to write told us/him etc.

7. If the Reported speech has two or more verbs occurring at the same

time, the past tense of the verbs is not changed :

Direct : The teacher said, "Mr. Ant worked hard while Mr. Grasshopper slept."

The teacher said that Mr. Ant worked hard while Mr. Grasshopper slept

Indirect : He said, "The children sang, danced and played."

Direct : He said that the children sang, danced and played.

8.Words that express nearness are often changed into the words

expressing remoteness:

Words in direct speech Words in indirect speech

Here-there

This-that

Ago- before

These -those

Hence- thence

Come -go

Hither -thither

Thus –so/ in that way

Today-that day/ the same day

Tomorrow - he next day/the following day

Yesterday- the previous day/ the day before

Last night- the previous night / the night before

Exercise :-

Change the following sentences into indirect speech :

1. The boy says, "My father is working abroad." 2. Karim says, "I was right".

3. He said to me, “I shall help you“. 4. Anwar said to them, "You were absent

from the class yesterday". 5. The man said to Kalam, "You have not sent me

the letter". 6. Ahmed said to his father, "I am preparing my lesson". 7. He said

to me, “I did not see the boy going“. 8. They said to me, "You have done well".

9. The man said to the children, "Allah is kind". 10. They said, "We came,

worked and returned".

[ii]

Interrogative Sentence:

Structure of indirect speech

(a) Reporting verb is changed into ask or enquire of.

(b) If or whether is used as a linking word.

(c) The auxiliary verb in the reported speech is used after the subject.

(d) If the sentence begins with who, which, what, how, when, where,

why etc., these are not changed and if or whether is not used.

Note : The indirect speech becomes a statement and no question mark is used.

Nadim said to Nadia, "Are you reading now?"

Nadim asked Nadia (or enquired of) if she was reading then.

The man said to Shaila, "What is your name?"

The man asked Shaila what her name was.

[iii]

Imperative Sentence

Structure of indirect speech

a. Reporting verb is changed into tell, command or order, request - or

beg or entreat or ask, forbid, according to the sense of the speech

b. Reporting verb and Reported speech are joined by Infinitive ‘to

He said to me, "Do it now"?

He told me to do it then.

The captain said, "Soldiers, march on".

The captain commanded the soldiers to march on.

[iv]

Optative Sentence

The structure of indirect speech of Optative sentences.

a. The Reporting verb is changed into wish or pray.

b. The Optative form is changed into a statement.

c. ‘That’ is used as a linking word.

He said to me, "May you be happy".

He wished that I might be happy.

Mr. Khan said, "May Allah save me".

Mr. Khan prayed that Allah might save him.

[v]

Exclamatory Sentence:

a. The reporting verb is changed into exclaim, cry, shout etc. according

to the sense.

b. New words and phrases like. with joy/in joy, with sorrow/ in sorrow,

in wonder etc. are used to express the meaning of exclamation. If the

sense of exclamation is not clear, such phrases are not used.

c. That is used as a linking word.

d. The changed form becomes a statement.

Direct : The man said, "Alas! I am undone".

Indirect : The man cried out in sorrow that he was undone.

Direct : He said, "Hurrah! We have won the game".

Indirect : He exclaimed in joy that they had won the game.

Direct : He said to me, "What a funny boy you are"! .

Indirect : He exclaimed in joy that I was a very funny boy.

Direct : He said, "What a fool I am“!

Indirect : He cried out with sorrow that he was a great fool.

[Note: 'great' is used before a noun]

Direct : He said, "What a long journey"!

Indirect : He exclaimed that it was a very long journey.

Exception ---

Direct : He said, "Who knew that it would happen"!

Indirect : He said that nobody knew that it would happen

Direct : He said, "By God! I have never done it".

Indirect : He swore by God that he had never done it.

Direct : He said, "Had I the wings of a bird!"

Indirect : He wished he had the wings of a bird.

Compositions: Class Standard: SSC. JSC. VII & VI :A village Market, Duties of a student, Digital Bangladesh

A Village Market

A village market is public places in a village where the influx of people assemble from adjoin areas to buy and sell commodities necessary for everyday life. So, it is an important buying and selling center for the villagers. It is the back-bone of the rural economy.

A village market generally locates at a place where people from different places can easily come for buying and selling different goods. So, a village market usually stands by the side of a river or canal or at the junction of roads or near a railway station.

There are generally two kinds of village markets—the daily market and the weekly market. The daily market is called 'bazar'. It sits daily in the morning. The weekly market is called 'hat'. It sits once or twice a week in the forenoon and continues up to late in the evening.

The shops in a village market are arranged in a systematic way. Generally three types of shops are seen in the village market. They are permanent shops, temporary shops and open space shops. The open space shops of the same kind are clustered together and are arranged in rows. Fish, milk, fruit, betel leaves, vegetables etc. are bought and sold in the open space shop. The temporary shops are held in sheds having only their roofs. In these shops oil, rice, salt, pepper, spices etc. are sold. Some grocers, tailors, cloth dealers, stationers and tea-sellers have permanent shops. There are different sections of the village market. They are generally known as fish market, vegetable market, rice market, fruit market, and so on. The fish and vegetable markets are the most crowded place in the market. Haggling is one of the main characteristics of a village market. Nothing is sold without haggling.

The village market is of great use and importance the villagers. Here they get all the necessary things of their daily use. As such they need not go to distant places to buy and sell things.

Apart from its practical utility, it has also its social value. If brings the people of different villagers closer and thus strengthens the bond of their unity. It is an important place for village politics and a place of entertainment for the villagers too. There are some people who come here only to pass a pleasant time in roaming about.

The village market is an unhealthy place. It is dusty in the dry season and muddy in the rainy season. There is no proper system for disposing the garbage and other filths. It lacks in proper sanitation too.

Though the village market is a noisy, dusty and unhealthy place, yet it is an integral part of village life. It is a place of gathering of a vast number of people providing opportunities for views and news let alone buying and selling daily necessaries. Proper care and arrangements should be made for the improvement of the unsatisfactory condition of the village market.

 Duties of a student

The duties of a student are very significant in every stage of our life. The perfect fulfillment of a student duty can bring a pleasant situation in all spheres of life. A student is a future guide of a family, society, nation and above all the world. So, the importance of this duty as a student is very great.

The primary duty of a student is to learn his lessons and attend school regularly. But nowadays study alone is not enough for a student. He should form the habit of speaking the truth. He should maintain discipline and punctuality. He should also be devoted to religious activities. Besides, he should avoid bad association and form an ideal character of his own.

Our parents love us very dearly. During our childhood and helplessness they take every care of us. So it is our bounden duty to express gratitude towards them. Students should serve their parents in all possible ways. They should Also be respectful to their superiors .They should abide by the advice of their parents and superiors.

Students have youthful vigor. They should devote themselves to social service. They can organize welfare centres to serve the distressed and destitute people.

It is risky for a student to join active politics. By taking part in active politics he is sure to waste much of his valuable time and energy. So he should be aware of the fact.

During the crisis of the country, a student should come forward in groups to help the country. It is one of the most important duties of a student.

All the duties are important for a student. But a student should not forget that study is the first and foremost duty of him is study.  So, a student should study attentively so that he can perform all other duties by being adult in future.

Digital Bangladesh

Digital Bangladesh means digitalizing Bangladesh by ensuring an ICT based society where online information will be readily available and where all possible activities of the government and other non-government or semi-government organizations will be performed using computer and internet. It was an election manifesto of Bangladesh Government, a leading political party of the country, to make Bangladesh into a digital country. Moreover, Bangladesh Government declared vision 2021 with the aim to turn the country into a digital country by the next decade.

Bangladesh is an independent country. She achieved her freedom more than 42 years ago. But still she is burdened with many problems like poverty, corruption, food deficit, over population, unemployment, natural calamities, power crisis etc. These problems and obstacles stand in the way of developing a digital society. So, we have to work hard to remove all these problems and obstacles to establish technology based e-governance, e-education, e-commerce, e-production, e-agriculture, etc. Top priority should be given to solve power crisis. Computer and internet network should also be developed throughout the country immediately.  

The benefits of digital Bangladesh are many. It will ensure the overall development of the country and the nation. All types of corruption and crimes will be strongly checked. It will save people’s time and money and make people more enterprising. It will connect people with the whole world socially, culturally, economically, and even politically. It will allow people to think globally and communicate with the whole world. It will improve banking system and financial activities of the country. Money transfer and transaction of business would be made within seconds. The sectors of agriculture, health, education, commerce will also be highly benefitted through digital based society. 

The benefits of digital based society cannot be described in words. But to materialize the dream of Digital Bangladesh is not an easy task. The journey towards a Digital Bangladesh needs necessarily the involvement of the innovative younger generation. If the national leaders of our country equitably and impartially guide this generation, they can really do wonder for the nation. Both the policy makers in the government and the people in general should work hand in hand to materialize the dream of digital Bangladesh.

Dialogues: class standard: Six, Seven, JSC, Nine and SSC

Ans:  A dialogue between the Headmaster and a student on issuing a transfer certificate is written below.

     Student: May I come in, Sir?

Headmaster: Yes, come in.

     Student: Good morning, sir.

Headmaster: Good morning. Do you have any problem?

     Student: Actually, I don’t have any problem, Sir. I only

              need  a transfer certificate from you.

Headmaster: A transfer certificate! Why do you need a

             transfer certificate in the middle of the season?

    Student: My father is under transfer order from

             Chittagong to Dhaka. So, our family is going to

             be shifted there within a few days.  

Headmaster: Oh, I see! Can't you manage to stay here for

             the rest of the session?

    Student: We have no close relative here with whom I

             can stay. Besides, It is impossible on my

             father’s part to bear a big amount of expenses

             for my boarding here.

Headmaster: Have you brought the photocopy of your

             father’s transfer order?

    Student: Sure, Here it is, Sir.

Headmaster: Have you paid all kinds of fees of you?

     Student: Yes, sir. Here is the receipt. 

Headmaster: Okay, You’re allowed to have your transfer

              certificate. Meet the head clerk with all the

              documents that I signed. .

    Student: Thank you so much, sir.

Headmaster: You're welcome.

বিঃ দ্রঃ পরীক্ষায় সাধারন দোকান থেকে কিছু কিনা সম্পর্কে আসলে নিচের উত্তর লিখবে।

Ans: A dialogue between a salesman and a customer is written below.

Salesman: Good morning, sir.

Customer: Good morning. I would like to buy two shirts

           and two pantaloons. Can you show me some    

           pairs?

Salesman: Sure, What kinds of shirts and pantaloons do

           you need, Sir?

Customer: I need two full sleeves shirts and two black

           pantaloons.

Salesman: Here are they.

Customer: Thanks. Let me have a sight at them.

Salesman: They are the best and I think they will suit you

           well, sir.

Customer: Not at all. The shirts are a bit fade in colour.

Salesman: Well, here are another pairs with bright colours..

Customer: Right, they’ll suit me well. Now show me the

           pantaloons.

Salesman: Here they are.

Customer: No, the colour is not after my mind.

Salesman: What colour do you prefer, sir?

Customer: Navy blue suits me well.

Salesman: Okay, we’ve got some nice pantaloons of that

            colour. Here they are.

Customer: These are fine. What's the total price?

Salesman: It’s altogether Tk. 1200/- only, sir.

Customer: Here is the money.

Salesman: Thank you. Please come again, sir

Customer: You’re welcome.

বিঃ দ্রঃ পরীক্ষায় বুকশপ থেকে কিছু কিনা সম্পর্কে আসলে নিচের উত্তর লিখবে।

Ans: A dialogue between a customer and a salesman is written below.

Customer: Excuse me. Can I have some books from you?

Salesman: Sure! You may have some books. We have a large  

            collection of books. What kind of books do you want?

Customer: I need some books written by Rabindranath Tagore.

            Do you have the books of this kind? 

Salesman: Yes, I can give you the books of Tagore. Do you

             have any particular choice?

Customer: Yes, I want to take Sanchita, Gitanjoly, Balaka, and

             some novels.

Salesman: Oh, yes. These books are books are very popular

             among the literature lovers.

Customer: Right you are. Please give me the books.

Salesman: Sure, Please wait just a moment. I am bringing

             them.

Customer: Okay, Please bring them.

Salesman: Here are the books.

Customer: How much do they cost?

Salesman: Tk-800 only, sir.

Customer: Here is the money.

Salesman: Thank you. Please visit us next time.

Customer: You’re most welcome. Good bye.

Salesman: Good bye, sir.

লক্ষ্য করোঃ

Ø  না বুঝে পড়া মূখস্থ করলে তাকে গাধার সাথে তুলনা করা চলে।

Ø  যারা না বুঝে পড়া মূখস্থ করে পরীক্ষার খাতায় তারা আজে-বাজে লিখে এবং নম্বর ও কম পায়।

Ø  তুমি কি না বুঝে মুখস্থ করো?