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Grammar for Cadet College Admission Test Preparation

Grammar: ADVERBS of FREQUENCY

Class: Nine, Ten & SSC English First Paper: Essential phrases and expressions for describing graphs

1.      The provided diagram shows data on employment categories in energy producing sectors in Europe starting from 1925 and till 1985.

2.      The given pie charts represent the proportion of male and female employee in 6 broad categories, divided into manual and non-manual occupations in Freedonia. 

3.      The chart gives information on expenditures of 4 European countries on six consumer products namely Germany, Italy, Britain and France.

4.      The supplied bar graph compares the number of male and female graduated in three developing countries while the table data presents the overall literacy rate in these countries. 

5.      The bar graph and the table data depict the water use in different sectors in five regions.

6.      The bar graph enumerates the money spent on different research projects while the column graph demonstrates the sources of the amount spent over a decade, commencing from 1981.

Starting	Presentation Type	Verb	Description
The given / the supplied / the presented / the shown / the provided/ the	diagram / table / figure / illustration / graph / chart / flow chart / picture/ presentation/ pie chart / bar graph/ column graph / line graph / table data/ data / information / pictorial/ process diagram/ map/ pie chart and table/ bar graph and pie chart ...	shows / represents / depicts / enumerates / illustrates / presents/ gives / provides / describes / compares/ shows contrast / indicates / figures / gives data on / gives information on/ presents information about/ shows data about/ demonstrates/ outlines/ summarises...	the comparison of … the differences … the number of … information on … data on … the proportion of… the amount of … information on... data about...

Increases : a slight/constant/marked/substantial/increase in sales an increase of about/roughly/approximately/in the region of ... % a little over/above what we predicted the recovery/upturn began in (month) an overall increase in ... an upward trend in the demand for ... sales reached record levels / reached a peak in (month) a strong surge in the sales of ... by (month), the figure had risen to ... we predict that sales will soar in the coming year / over the next ... months Decreases : just under our target way below our expectations a slight / notable / significant decrease in ... the downturn began in (month) the situation began to deteriorate in (month) the number has continued to fall Fluctuations : a slow start developed into steady progress in sales an initial upward trend was followed by ... we note slight fluctuations through the year normal seasonal variations are the cause of occasional downward trends sales have been (rather) irregular the level / the rate has been unstable since ... you will note a certain instability in the rate of ...

Conclusions - useful phrases : We must focus our attention on ... What I suggest is ... There is a necessity for ... We need more ... We have no choice but to ... Appropriate measures must be taken The only option we have is to ... These changes are inevitable. We will have to revise our estimation. The result / outcome will be ... I strongly recommend ... To conclude, I am happy / I regret to announce that ...

  The pie chart is about ...

The bar chart deals with ...

The line graph (clearly) shows ...

The slices of the pie chart compare the ...

The chart is divided into ... parts.

It highlights ...

... has the largest (number of) ...

... has the second largest (number of) ...

... is as big as ...

... is twice as big as ...

... is bigger than ...

more than ... per cent ...

only one third ...

less than half ...

The number ... increases/goes up/grows by ...

The number ... decreases/goes down/sinks by ...

The number ... does not change/remains stable

I was really surprised/shocked by the ...

So we can say ...

Use of Tenses

Remember  the correct use of tenses when describung a chart. If the charts deals with facts in the present (as in our example), use the Simple Present, if the facts are the past, then use the Simple Past. If there is a connection between the past and the present, use the Present Perfect.

How to describe a chart

With the following example we would like to show you how charts are described. Mind the three parts and do not repeat the global message in the conclusion.

Most Common Grammatical Mistakes of English Learners

Most Common Grammatical Mistakes of English Learners

Grammar English Mistake 1. Adapt vs. Adopt

‘Adapt’ and ‘adopt’ share similar spellings and similar meanings, but they are not one and the same.

To ‘adapt’ is to become or make something suitable to an environment or condition.

For Example:

“It took me a long time after college to adapt to life in the office.”

“An inability to adapt will prove an obstacle on the road to success.”

To ‘adopt’ is to take something and use it as or make it your own.

For Example:

“I adopted his policy of neutrality and stayed out of trouble.”

“We are planning to adopt a child.”

Grammar English Mistake 2. Lose vs. Loose

“Lose” is a verb, to come to be without something; to suffer the loss of something.

For Example:

“I do not wish to lose more weight.”

“I was about to lose my ear ring.”

“She cannot stand the thought of losing him.”
“Loose” is an adjective, free or released from attachment; not bound together; not strict.

For Example:

“My belt is very loose around my waist.”

“She likes to wear her hair loose and free.”

“That is a loose interpretation of our document.”

Grammar English Mistake 3. Will vs. Going to

‘Will’ and ‘going to’ are the two forms of simple future used in English. They are used more or less interchangeably, but there are certain subtle differences between them that even many experienced English speakers are not aware of. The main rule to keep in mind is that: if the decision to act was made before the time of speaking, ‘going to’ must be used; if not, ‘will’ must be used.
Will

There are two primary distinct uses for‘will’:

To express voluntary action. Voluntary action refers to the following:

• Any action that the speaker offers to perform.
• “I will take you up on that offer.”
• “I will get you your breakfast in bed.”
• Any action that the speaker declines to perform.
• “I will not (won’t) be able to come for your party.”
• “I will not do your work for you.”
• Any action that the speaker requests the listener to perform.
• “Will you come home on Friday night?”
• “Will you take me to the amusement park?”

To express a promise.

“I will come back to work as soon as I make a full recovery.”

“I will call you later tonight.”

Going to

There is one primary distinction for use of ‘going to’: it is used to express plans, i.e. the intention of the speaker to do something in the future. This can take two forms:

To state such an intention:

“I am going for the match on Thursday”

“I am going to ensure that we have fun on this trip.”

To ask about such an intention:

“Are you going to watch the match on Thursday?”

“Are you going to the Zoo with the others?”

Will/Going to

Both ‘will’ and ‘going to’ can be used when making predictions about the future.

“It looks like it will rain today”. = “It looks like it is going to rain today.”

“I don’t think he will do it” = “I don’t think he’s going to do it.”

Grammar English Mistake 4. Write vs. Right.

“Write” is a verb, to express in writing.

For Example:

“I want to learn how to write well.”

“Did you write this? Write a letter to Mom”
“Right” is an adjective, correct, justified, suitable, opposite of left.

For Example:

“The little boy knew right versus wrong.”

“It’s the right way to do things.”

Grammar English Mistake 5. Beside vs. Besides

It is easy to confuse ‘beside’ and ‘besides’, but they are not one and the same thing. ‘Beside’ is a preposition, whereas ‘besides’ works as both a preposition and an adverb, and although ‘ besides’ is sometimes used in place of ‘beside’, they have distinct meaning.

‘Beside’ means ‘by or at the side of’.

For example: “He stood beside his new car proudly.”

As a preposition, ‘besides’ means ‘in addition to’ or ‘apart from’.

For example: “What are you working on besides the research project?”

As an adverb, it means ‘furthermore’.

For example: “He was not selected because he did not have a good grasp of his concepts. Besides, he did not seem very keen.”

Grammar English Mistake 6. Here vs. Hear

“Here” is an adverb, in this place; in this spot.

For Example:

“I am here and planning to stay.”

“I wish you were here.”
“Hear” is a verb, to be within earshot; to perceive by ear.

For Example:

“I hear you.”

“We do not want to hear the policies one more time.”

Grammar English Mistake 7. Can vs. May

Many English speakers are confused about the usage of the words ‘can’ and ‘may’. For example, ‘Can I drink water?’ is incorrect. ‘May I drink water?’ is the correct phrase to use in this case.

The key difference between ‘can’ and ‘may’ is that ‘can’ talks about ability and ‘may’ talks about permission.

Can

Can is used in two cases:

To talk about ability.

“I can finish my homework by 5 pm.”

“Can you finish your homework tonight?”

To ask or give permission informally (normally between friends)

“Can I use your pen?”

“You can use my pen?”

May

May is generally used to ask or give permission formally.

Let us take a situation between a student and a teacher.

“May I drink water?

Teacher: Yes, you may.”

Let us take a situation between two strangers.

“May I borrow your pen?

Yes, you may”

Grammar English Mistake 8. Compliment vs. Complement

Both words sound the same when pronounced, but their meanings are very different. “Compliment” means to give praise, express admiration or giving congratulations. “Complement”, on the other hand, means completing something or to make something perfect. A good way to always remember the difference is to remember that the word with the “e” means complete. In fact, the word complete is almost entirely spelled within complement.

Complement

Complement is used when what you are trying to convey that something is essentially made complete with something else. For example, if you were describing colors that look good together or a relationship involving two people who seem well matched, complement is the correct choice. Complement functions as both a noun and a verb.

• Incorrect: “The striped throw pillows complimented the sofa colors quite nicely.” (This implies that the pillows gave praise to the sofa, which is impossible).
• Correct: “The colors in the pillows complemented the stripes in the sofa very well.” (Complement is a verb in this sentence).

Compliment

Compliment is used when you are aiming to offer praise. For example, you might compliment someone on a new hairdo or on an outfit that is particularly flattering. In its plural form it can mean you are offering multiple expressions of praise, or it can mean best wishes. Compliment functions as both a noun and a verb.

• Incorrect: “She paid her boss a complement about how well her hair highlights complement her complexion”. (The first complement is incorrect because “her boss” does not complete anything, which is implied by spelling the word with an “e.”
• Correct: “She paid her boss a nice compliment on how well her new hairdo complemented her complexion.” (Compliment is a noun in this sentence).

Asking People to Wait in English – Top 10 Expressions

Asking People to Wait in English – Top 10 Expressions

Hang on a moment / a mo.

Give us a second.

Half a moment / a mo.

These phrases are quite informal but polite in tone. You are busy and expect to be able to help them quite soon.

I’ll be right with you.

This is especially useful in customer service situations where you want to ask a customer to wait for a few minutes.

Sorry, I’m a bit tied up right now.

This is really saying how busy you are but at the same time you are asking people to wait. It is quite polite.

Wait and see.

This one is refusing to tell somebody something about the near future. We often use it when we are preparing a surprise for somebody.

You’ll just have to be patient.

Give me a chance.

These phrases are less polite and are suggesting that you think the other person is being too impatient.

Don’t be so impatient.

This is more impolite and you are actually directly criticizing the other person for being impatient.

We wish to apologize for the delay to…

This phrase is a formal announcement that you might hear on a train or plane. It is followed by a noun phrase

15 Mistakes in using Prepositions

A preposition connects nouns and pronouns and serves to provide necessary details that tell the reader when, where, or how something occurred. For example, the most common prepositions are: of, in, to, for, with, on. If you make an error when using a preposition, it is very noticeable and can sound like broken English. It’s important to avoid common errors by researching the proper way to use prepositions. Here are 15 examples of the most common mistakes when using English prepositions.

Mistake #1

It is considered poor grammar to end a sentence with a preposition. While this point has been argued at length since it may sound better to end a sentence with a preposition in some cases, it is still considered grammatically incorrect. For example:

Incorrect: Where is my phone at?

Correct: Where is my phone?

Mistake #2

While prepositions help form a sentence, sometimes people go overboard and include too many. This can make the sentence seem redundant and too wordy.

Incorrect: The expression of the teacher was impatient.

Correct: The teacher’s expression was impatient.

Mistake #3

You can never use the preposition “of” rather than “have.” This is one of the most common mistakes people make without even realizing.

Incorrect: I should of gone to the movie.

Correct: I should have gone to the movie.

Mistake #4

Using the phrase “like” liberally will make your writing sound sloppy. Instead you should use pronouns such as “as if” or “as though.”

Incorrect: She looked like she was tired.

Correct: She looked as though she was tired.

Mistake #5

When referring to motion, it is grammatically correct to say “into” rather than “in.”

Incorrect: I jumped in to the river.

Correct: I jumped into the river.

Incorrect: He threw the ball in the basket.

Correct: He threw the ball into the basket.

Mistake #6

If you are comparing nouns by using the word different, you must follow it with the word from. People sometimes say “different than” instead of “different from.” Although it is not technically a grammatical error; it is better grammatical form to use from.

Incorrect: Your family is different than mine.

Correct: Your family is different from mine.

Mistake #7

Infinitives are the basic forms of verbs. Whenever you use an infinitive in a sentence, it must be accompanied by a helping verb.

Incorrect: He wants see the Alps in Switzerland.

Correct: He wants to see the Alps in Switzerland.

Mistake #8

When discussing time, the two prepositions you use are “for” and “since.” When using the word “for” you are measuring time and when using the word “since” you are referring to a specific time.

Incorrect: She had been driving since four hours.

Correct: She had been driving for four hours.

Incorrect: I haven’t seen him for last year.

Correct: I haven’t seen him since last year.

Mistake #9

Quantifying an action calls for the use of the words “about”, “around”, “Up to” has a different meaning—it means “as much as,” not “approximately.”

Incorrect (if you mean “approximately”): I used up to 3 cups of flour to make the cookies.

Correct: I used about/around 3 cups of flour to make the cookies.

Mistake #10

Misusing the word “at” and “to” is another prepositional error that happens frequently. “At” refers to where things are, and “to” describes another location. Mixing these up can result in a very confusing sentence.

Incorrect: They arrived to the school.

Correct: They arrived at the school.

Incorrect: We went at the mall.

Correct: We went to the mall.

Mistake #11

Prepositions most often follow a noun or pronoun to create a cohesive sentence. However, there are exceptions that also require a preposition in order to make sense. For example, “afraid of”, “love of”, “concern for”, “study for” and “worry about.” If you do not follow these with a preposition your sentence will not make sense.

Incorrect: I am afraid sharks.

Correct: I am afraid of sharks.

Incorrect: I made sure to study my exam.

Correct: I made sure to study for my exam.

Mistake #12

When it comes to timing, “in” and “for” can be used for general measurements, while “on” or “at” are required for specific dates.

Incorrect: He showed up for midnight.

Correct: He showed up at midnight.

Incorrect: Sarah made sure to be home at dinner.

Correct: Sarah made sure to be home for dinner.

Mistake #13

If you are discussing a specific place or address you have to use the word “at.” No other preposition can be used in its place.

Incorrect: The school is located in the main intersection.

Correct: The school is located at the main intersection.

Mistake #14

When referring to specific regions, the only preposition you can use is the word “in”. This goes for continents, countries, towns, and any other geographic region.

Incorrect: The most delicious baguettes can be found at France.

Correct: The most delicious baguettes can be found in France.

Mistake #15

One of the less common errors people make when using a preposition is following it with a verb. If you follow a preposition with a verb it must have “-ing” at the end.

Incorrect: I slept before run.

Correct: I slept before running.

Prepositions are what holds a sentence together and make a complete thought. If you forget or misuse a preposition your writing will sound like broken English, making it hard to understand and losing credibility. Make sure you check your work for these common errors to ensure proper sentence structure and content.