Connectors for class Nine & Ten

LINKERS Contrast In spite of / Despite Link two contrasting ideas. Followed by a noun phrase.   Although / (Even) though Link two contrasting ideas. Followed by a sentence.  However / Nevertheless / Still / Yet / Even so / On the contrary / In contrast. Introduce a new idea which marks a contrast with previously stated ideas. Introduced by a comma.  On the one hand ... On the other hand. Links two contrasting ideas / paragraphs.  In contrast to / Contrary to. Link two contrasting ideas. Followed by a noun phrase.  Whereas Link two contrasting ideas. Not separated by commas.  Reason and cause  Because / As / Since / Seeing that Introduce a sentence. Subordinate sentences introduced by because always appear in final position. Because of / On account of / Owing to / Due to. Introduce a noun phrase.  Purpose In order to / So as to Introduce an infinitive of purpose. In order that / So that Introduce a sentence.  Consequence Consequently / As a consequence / As a result / Therefore    As a consequence of / As a result of Followed by a noun phrase.  So Introduces a sentence. No commas.    Addition  Moreover / Furthermore / In addition / Besides / What's more Used after a strong pause and separated from the sentences. They are introduced by a comma.  As well as / In addition to / Besides Used to add  one more piece of information. Followed by a noun phrase.  Exemplification  For example / For instance Introduces an example referring to previously stated ideas.  Such as Introduces an example referring to the last idea. CONNECTORS Contrast  but / yet: followed by a noun phrase or a sentence.  ‘The book is short but / yet interesting’ in spite of / despite: It is placed at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence. ‘He arrived on time despite / in spite of getting up late’ although /though/ even though / in spite of the fact that: followed by a complete sentence. They can be placed at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence. If it is placed at the beginning we need to use a comma after the clause.     ‘Although / though / even though / in spite of the fact that the pupils had not studied, they all passed their exams’.  however, nevertheless, even so, on the one hand, on the other hand, on the contrary:  ‘He was quite ill however/ nevertheless/ even so, he went to school’   while, whereas    ‘This film is very interesting, while/whereas that one is quite boring’   Reason and cause . because, as since, seeing that:   ‘Because / as / since / seeing that it’s late, we should go home’  because of, on account of, owing to, due to:  ‘Because of / on account of / owing to / due to the weather, we stayed at home’ in order to, so as to, to:  ‘She uses her video in order to / so as to / to record TV programmes’  Add information . for example, for instante, such as:  ‘Vegetables are a good source of vitamins: for example / for instance, oranges have vitamin C’  . more over, furthermore, besides, in addition to:  ‘In addition to soul music, she likes rap’  . apart from, except for:  ‘Apart from English, she speaks French’. Succession . - First of all / Firstly / To begin with / First ….   - Second / Secondly / Then …   - Third / Thirdly / After that...  - The next stage …   - Finally / in short / to sum up / in conclusion / lastly / last but not least…     Result . As a result of:  ‘As a result of his brave action, he was awarded a military medal.  Therefore, as a result, consequently, for this reason:  ‘Consequently / for this reason, it always passes its annual road test’.  Order First parragraph At first sight: A primera vista First: En primer lugar First of all: Antes que nada In the first place: En primer lugar To start with: Para empezar Second parragraph In the second place: En segundo lugar Second: Segundo Secondly: En segundo lugar Third: Tercero Thirdly: En tercer lugar Conclusion Finally: Por último In conclusion: Para concluir Lastly: Por último And eventually: Y finalmente Adding information apart from: Aparte de in addition: Además in addition to: Además de What’s more: Además; lo que es más moreover: Además on top of that: Además besides: Además On the one hand: Por una parte On the other hand: Por otra parte and eventually: Y finalmente Contrast all the same: a pesar de todo however: sin embargo instead of: en vez de in spite of / despite: a pesar de nevertheless: no obstante on the contrary: por el contrario whereas / while: mientras though / although: aunque Reason because of + noun: a causa de due to + noun: debido a due to the fact that + sentence: debido a que  for this / that reason:  por esta / esa razón owing to + noun: debido a  owing to the fact that + sentence: debido a que Result as a result: como resultado because of: a causa de consequently: en consecuencia so: por lo tanto that's why: por eso, por esa razón... therefore: por lo tanto Expressing facts actually: en realidad as a matter of fact: de hecho in fact: de hecho really: en realidad Expressing a personal opinion as far as I am concerned por lo que a mí respecta from my point of view desde mi punto de vista I agree estoy de acuerdo I disagree no estoy de acuerdo in my opinion en mi opinión in my view según lo veo I think that creo que it is true that es verdad que personally personalmente to be honest, para ser honesto to tell the truth, a decir verdad Explain in other words: en otras palabras in short: en resumen above all: sobre todo Exemplifying and so on: etcétera Summarizing all in all: en suma Sequencing after that: después de eso that is (to say): es decir all in all: en general at least: al menos basically: básicamente, fundamentalmente especially: especialmente, sobre todo essentially: esencialmente in general: en general in particular: en particular more or less: más o menos on the whole: en general to a certain extent: hasta cierto punto for example: por ejemplo for instance: por ejemplo such: as tal(es)como in brief: en resumen in conclusion: Para concluir in short: en resumen on the whole: en general to sum up: Para resumir all of a sudden: de repente Finally: Finalmente First of all: En primer lugar in the end: al final in the meantime: mientras tanto meanwhile: mientras tanto next: luego suddenly: de repente then: entonces, después while: mientras

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Changing Sentences: Affirmative to Negtive

1.    ব্যক্তির জন্য Only / alone থাকলে none but বসে।   Examples:

a.    Only Allah can help us.    Negative: None but Allah can help us.

b.    He alone went there.      Negative: None but he went there.

2.    বস্তুর জন্য Only থাকলে nothing but বসে।       Examples:

a.    He has only books.        Negative: He has nothing but books.

b.    M.Rahman has only buildings. Negative: M.Rahman has nothing but buildings.

3.    সংখ্যা/বয়স এর জন্য Only থাকলে  not more than/not less than বসে। Examples:

a.    Rina is only thirteen.      Negative: Rina is not more than thirteen.

b.    There are only three books on the table. Negative: There are not less than three      

books on the table.

4.    Must থাকলে cannot but অথবা cannot helpবসে, এক্ষেত্রে verb এর সাথে ing যোগ করতে হবে।     Examples:

a.    I must do the work.    Negative: I cannot but do the work.

b.    We must respect our teachers. Negative: We cannot help respecting our teachers.

5.    Every থাকলে there is no------but বসে।    Examples:

a.    Every mother loves her child. Negative: There is no mother but loves her child.

b.    Everyone will help you. Negative: There is no one but will help you.

c.    Everyone is happy. Negative: There is no one but is happy.

6.    As soon as-------( , ) থাকলে No sooner had + V3------than বসে।

Examples:

a.    As soon as the train stopped , the passengers came back home.

 Negative: No sooner had the train stopped than the passengers came back home.

7.    Always থাকলে never বসে। Examples:

a.    I shall always remember you. Negative: I shall never forget you.

b.    He is always active. Negative: He is never late.

8.    less----than থাকলে not as ….. asবসে।

Examples:

a.    They are less poor than you said. Negative: They are not as poor as you said.

b.    Karim is less strong than Mina. Negative: Karim is not as strong as Mina.

9.    Not এবং opposite wordব্যবহার করে negative করতে হয়।     

Examples:

a.    Ripon is a good boy. Negative: Ripon is not a bad boy.

b.    Soma is a beautiful girl. Negative: Soma is not an ugly girl.

Some opposite words: active - Lazy, always - never, brave – coward, friend  -foe/enemy, doubtful – sure/certain, grateful – ungrateful, happy – unhappy, honest – dishonest, honour – dishonor, healthy – unhealthy, just – unjust, kind – cruel/unkind, love – hate, moral – immoral, mortal – immortal, pleasant – unpleasant, rich – poor, remember – forget, sincere – insincere, wise- unwise, absent – present, real – unreal, agreed – disagreed, punctual – late, comfortable – uncomfortable, ordinary – extraordinary, willing – unwilling, obey – disobey, obedient – disobedient, solvent – insolvent)

10. too----to থাকলে so-----that + subject(pronoun)+cannot/could বসে।

a.    Sanu is too weak to walk.        Negative: Sanu is so weak that he cannot walk.

b.    Parveen was too short to touch the ceiling.   Negative: Parveen was so short that she could not touch the ceiling.

11.  (as---as থাকলে not less---than বসে। ) Examples:

a.    Robin and Rita were as wise as Ratan. Negative: Robin and Rita were not less wise than Ratan.

12. (many  থাকলে not a few এবং a few = not many বসে। )        Examples:

a.    I have many friends. Negative: I have not a few friends.

b.    They had many things to do. Negative: They had not a few things to do.

c.    Mother has a few works to do. Negative: Mother has not many works to do.

13. ( a little  থাকলে not much এবং much----not a little বসে।)      Examples:

a.    They have a little rice.  Negative: they have not much rice.

b.    Mim had much money. Negative: Mim had not a little money.

14. ( ‘Universal truth’ থাকলে  Interrogative- Negative করতে হয়।) Examples:

a.    Health is wealth. Negative: Is health wealth? /Negative: Health is nothing but wealth.

b.    The sun rises in the east. Negative: Does the sun rise in the east.

15. (both---and থাকলে  not only---but also বসে ) Examples:

a.    Both Rahim and Karim went to the party.  Negative: Not only Rahim but also Karim went to the party.

16. (sometimes থাকলে not always বসে।) Example:

a.    Mamun is sometimes happy. Negative: Mamun is not always happy.

17.  (For the last time বা forever থাকলে never again  বসে। Examples:

I see you for the last time.        Negative: I shall never see you again.

Proficiency Test                                                                         Full Marks:   (1x16=26)

Change the following sentences into negative.

a.    I shall always be grateful to you.

b.    Only the graduates should apply.

c.    Dhaka is an old city.

d.    Rahim was too honest to take the money.

e.    Only the moon was visible.

f.     He refused the money.

g.    Every mother loves her child.

h.    Travelling is always pleasant.

i.     We must submit to destiny.

j.      Everyone loves a truthful boy.

k.    Man is mortal.  

l.      I was doubtful of his honesty.

m.   As soon as the thief saw the police, he ran away.

n.    The earth moves round the sun.

o.    Both Rajib and Abeed were good friends.

p.    He is only ten.

q.    We must study attentively(use cannot help)

r.     It was an ordinary ship.

s.     Tanim were as strong as Ratan.

t.     Health is wealth.

u.    He is present in the meeting.

v.    They have a few friends.

w.    A day labourer is sometimes happy.

x.     He is my friend.

y.     They were right in thinking so.

z.      I have a little rice.