Verbs: (“A verb is a word that
denotes ‘being’, ‘having’ or ‘doing’ an action in any form.”-P.C. Das.) [The
Verb is classified into two kinds in modern Grammar. They are-
1.The State Verb. 2.The
Event or Action Verb.]
1.Factitive Verb:
The transitive verb that
can’t express a complete meaning without having an extra object: We elected
him chairman.
2. Copulative Verb:
the verb that can’t express a complete meaning without an extra word. Example:
He looks happy.
3. Quasi Passive verb:
The verb that is used in quasi passive. Example: Rice sells cheap.
4. Causative Verb:
The verb that direct other person to perform an action. Examples: See-Show,
Know- Inform, Remember- Remind, Eat- Feed, Rise- Raise, Lie- Lay, Learn- Teach,
Sit- Set, (*The verb that does not have self causative expression, it takes
‘have’, ‘make’, ‘get’ etc to express causative meaning. Examples: I got
the letter written. He made me do the work.
5. Perception Verb:
The verb that denotes Five- Senses. Examples: see, hear, taste, eel,
smell, recognize, observe etc.
6. Inchoative Verb: The verb that denotes the turning point of a
thing. Examples: the milk has turned sour. The telephone has gone dead.
7. Progressive Verb:
The verb that is used as the continuous mode. Examples: I am doing the
work.
8. Impersonal Verb:
The verb that takes ‘ It’/ ‘There’ as the subject. Example: It looks beautiful.
9. Reciprocal Verb: The
verb that takes reciprocal pronoun as the object. Example: Rina and Mina love
each other.
10. Linking Verb:
The verb that makes a link between the Subject and the Object and takes Noun or
Adjective as the object. Examples: Mr. Rahim is a doctor(noun). He is
good(Adjective). He works hard(Adjective).
11. Finite Verb: The verb that completes the description of a
sentence. Example: I eat rice.
12. Non Finite Verb: The verb that can’t complete the description
of a sentence. Example: He wants to go home. ( to go, to taste, to sing,
to play etc.-Infinitives).
13. Transitive Verb:
The verb that takes an object. Example: I eat rice.
14. Intransitive Verb:
The verb that doesn’t take an object. He goes to school.
15. Modal Auxiliary:
The Auxiliary verb that doesn’t change for tenses, number or person . Examples:
He can do
the work. I can do
the work.
16. Primary Auxiliary:
The verb that doesn’t have its own meaning and helps other verbs to make
sentence, tense, voice, mood etc. ‘To be’-am, is, are, was, were, been, being.
‘To have’-has, have, had, having. ‘To do’- do, did, does.
17. Principal Verb:
The verb that has its own meaning and the verb that can express a complete
sense without getting help of any other verb.
18. Non-Conclusive
Verb: The verb that expresses liking, disliking, feeling etc. Example: I like
playing cricket. Don’t hate the poor.
19. State Verb:
The verb that is used in non- progressive verb. It does not start or end a
discussion. He forgets everything.
20. Event/ Action
Verb: The verb that starts or ends a discussion. Example: He eats rice.
21. Strong Verb/
Irregular Verb: The verb that exchanges its internal vowel/ vowels and
takes n, en, ne at the end of it to turn into ‘Past Participle’ form. Examples:
arise- arose- arisen.
22.Weak Verb/ Regular
Verb: The verb that generally takes d, t, and ed to turn into Past form and Past Participle
form. Example: Agree-agreed-agreed.
23. Reflexive Verb:
The verb that has a reflexive object is called a reflexive verb. Example: Rahim
fans himself.
24. Group Verb /
Prepositional verb: The verb that takes a preposition with it and is used
as a group is called a group/ prepositional verb.
Example: He looks
after his family.
25.Reciprocal Verb:The
verbs of reciprocal pronouns (Each other, one another) is called Reciprocal
Verb.
Example: They love each other.
Objects
1.
Indirect Object: Indicates an object that
has life. Example: The cow gives us milk. Indirect object is also called Dative
case.
2.
Direct Object: Indicates
an object of thing/things. Example: He gave me a book.
Indirect object is also
called Acusative case.
* Look at the examples: He sent me a letter. He sent a
letter to me.
He bought me a shirt. He bought a shirt for me.
(Note: If indirect object places at the end of a
sentence, then it takes ‘for’ or ‘to’.)
3.
Direct Object and
Indirect Object are also called Double Object.
4.
Retained Object:
The object that doesn’t exchange place even in a
passive mode is a retained object.
Example: He teaches us English. English is taught us
by him. / We are taught English by him.
5.
Cognate object: When a
verb receives an object of the similar meaning of it, then it is called
Retained object. Examples: He sings a song. He ran a race. I dreamt a good dream. They fight a good
fight. Etc.
6.
Factitive object: When a
Transitive verb cannot express a full meaning even after having an object
itself then it takes an extra object. The extra object is called a factitive
object.
Examples: He called me a fool. We made him captain. We
elect him chairman. The company appointed him manager. I think him friend. He
names me Rana.
7.
Reflexive Object: If a
pronoun is used as an object, it is called reflexive Example: He killed
himself. The fanned themselves.
8.
Adverbial object: The
object that indicates an adverb is called adverbial object.
Example: I go home.
9.
Complementary object: The
object of ‘ To Be’ is called a
complementary object.
I know him to be a coward.
10.
Dative of interest: If an
object places just before a verb to express an interest of the speaker, it is
called dative of interest. Example: Buy me a shirt.
11.
Dative of Disinterest: If
an object places just before a verb and expresses disinterest of the speaker,
it is called dative of disinterest. Example: He ordered me to go.
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